Schubert: Violin Sonata in A major, D 574 [Oleg Kagan, Sviatoslav Richter]

Famous Soviet-era musicians Oleg Kagan (violin) and Sviatoslav Richter (piano) perform Violin Sonata (also “Duo” or “Grand Duo”) in A major, Op. Posth. 162, D 574, by Franz Schubert.

Oleg Kagan (violin) and Sviatoslav Richter (piano) perform Violin Sonata (also “Duo” or “Grand Duo”) in A major, Op. Posth. 162, D 574, by Franz Schubert.

Schubert’s Violin Sonata in A major, D 574

Franz Schubert’s Violin Sonata in A major, D 574, also known as the “Duo,” stands as a remarkable piece in the chamber music repertoire. Composed in 1817, during Schubert’s early years, it reflects a period of intense creativity and exploration for the composer. At this time, Schubert was just twenty years old and was already demonstrating a profound understanding of musical forms and an ability to infuse them with his unique lyrical and emotional depth.

Written in 1817 (not published until 1851) unlike Schubert’s earlier works for violin and piano, this sonata makes the keyboard a full partner and displays the composer’s increasing confidence in writing for piano (the violin was Schubert’s first seriously studied instrument).

The sonata’s designation as “Duo” is indicative of its approach to the interplay between violin and piano. Unlike many sonatas of the period where the piano often assumed a primarily accompaniment role, Schubert’s D 574 exhibits a more equal partnership between the two instruments. This equal footing is a distinctive feature, showcasing a dialogue where both instruments share thematic material and contribute equally to the musical narrative.

In terms of style, the sonata is rooted in the classical tradition, bearing influences of Mozart and Beethoven. However, it also hints at the early romantic sensibilities that Schubert is known for. The sonata is characterized by its melodious themes, harmonic richness, and expressive depth. Schubert’s penchant for beautiful, singing melodies is evident throughout the piece, and these are often contrasted with more dramatic, energetic passages.

Harmonically, Schubert shows a boldness and innovation that was ahead of his time, with unexpected modulations and rich chromaticism. This is coupled with structural clarity, where each section is well-defined yet seamlessly integrated into the overall fabric of the work.

The A major Violin Sonata is significant in Schubert’s oeuvre as it represents a maturation of his compositional style. While it may not be as widely recognized as some of his later works, it is a testament to his early mastery and an indication of the direction his music would take in the following years. It’s a piece that resonates with the charm and intimacy characteristic of Schubert’s chamber music, making it a favorite among performers and listeners alike who are drawn to its lyrical beauty and emotional depth.

In the context of Schubert’s broader career, this sonata, along with other chamber works, contributed significantly to the development of the genre. They represent a bridge between the classical traditions of the 18th century and the burgeoning romanticism of the 19th century, blending formal precision with expressive freedom.

Movements

The work has four movements:

  1. Allegro moderato (A major), sonata form
  2. Scherzo: Presto (E major), with C major trio
  3. Andantino (C major), loose ternary form
  4. Allegro vivace (A major), sonata form

1. Allegro moderato

The first movement of Schubert’s Violin Sonata in A major, D 574, is marked “Allegro moderato” and sets the stage for the entire sonata with its lyrical elegance and balanced interplay between the violin and piano. This movement, like the rest of the sonata, is characterized by the thematic richness and harmonic subtlety that are hallmarks of Schubert’s style.

One of the most striking aspects of this movement is the sense of dialogue it establishes between the violin and piano. Schubert treats both instruments as equal partners, engaging them in a musical conversation that is both intricate and fluid. The opening theme, introduced by the piano and then taken up by the violin, is melodious and graceful, typical of Schubert’s affinity for song-like melodies.

Structurally, the movement adheres to the sonata-allegro form, a common structure in the classical period, but it is imbued with Schubert’s distinctive touch. The exposition introduces the main themes, which are then developed and transformed in the development section. Schubert’s development sections are often noted for their creativity and depth, and in this movement, he skillfully manipulates the themes, exploring different keys and textures.

The harmonic language of the movement is also noteworthy. Schubert, even in his early years, was known for his adventurous harmonic progressions. In this movement, while the overall structure is firmly rooted in the key of A major, there are frequent and sometimes surprising modulations that add a sense of drama and tension. This harmonic richness contributes to the emotional depth of the movement.

In terms of mood, the “Allegro moderato” is both joyful and introspective. It balances brighter, more energetic sections with moments of lyrical introspection. This duality is something that Schubert would continue to explore throughout his career, and it is evident even in this early work.

The first movement concludes with a recapitulation where the main themes return, often with subtle variations, and a coda that brings the movement to a satisfying close. The craftsmanship in this movement demonstrates Schubert’s ability to work within classical forms while imbuing them with his unique voice, setting the stage for the rest of the sonata which continues to explore these themes and ideas.

2. Scherzo: Presto

The second movement of Schubert’s Violin Sonata in A major, D 574, is marked “Scherzo: Presto” and represents a striking contrast to the first movement’s lyrical elegance. This movement, embodying the spirit of a scherzo, is lively, rhythmic, and full of energy, showcasing a different facet of Schubert’s compositional skill.

Scherzos, typically lighter and faster than the minuets they often replaced in classical compositions, were a popular movement type in the early 19th century. Schubert’s interpretation of the scherzo in this sonata is notable for its vivacity and rhythmic drive. The “Presto” marking indicates a very fast tempo, which injects the movement with a sense of urgency and excitement.

Right from the beginning, the movement is characterized by a rhythmic vitality that is both engaging and challenging for the performers. The piano and violin engage in a playful yet intricate dialogue, with rapid passages, sharp accents, and sudden dynamic changes. The themes introduced are concise and rhythmically distinct, making them easily recognizable as they are developed throughout the movement.

Harmonically, this scherzo shows Schubert’s willingness to explore and push boundaries. While the movement is anchored in the home key, there are quick modulations and chromatic elements that add color and surprise. These harmonic shifts contribute to the overall playful and somewhat unpredictable character of the movement.

In terms of structure, the scherzo typically follows a ternary form (ABA), with a contrasting middle section known as the trio. Schubert’s trio section in this sonata is often noted for its contrast to the scherzo’s energetic character. It tends to be more lyrical and subdued, providing a moment of respite before the return of the scherzo’s lively theme.

The second movement of Schubert’s D 574 is a testament to his ability to write music that is both technically challenging and emotionally engaging. The scherzo, with its lively rhythms and dynamic interplay between the violin and piano, adds a vibrant and spirited character to the sonata as a whole.

Listeners and performers alike appreciate this movement for its energy, its rhythmic complexity, and its demonstration of Schubert’s mastery of the scherzo form. It’s a movement that requires agility and precision from the performers, and it offers a delightful and spirited experience for the audience.

3. Andantino

The third movement of Schubert’s Violin Sonata in A major, D 574, titled “Andantino,” provides a striking contrast to the preceding energetic scherzo. This movement is characterized by its lyrical beauty and emotional depth, showcasing Schubert’s exceptional talent for creating profoundly expressive and melodious music.

“Andantino” suggests a tempo slightly faster than andante, but in this context, it still conveys a sense of gentle, flowing motion. The movement opens with a tender and expressive melody, typically introduced by the violin and echoed by the piano. This melody is quintessentially Schubertian-graceful, song-like, and imbued with a sense of longing and introspection.

The structure of the movement is relatively straightforward, often adhering to a simple ternary (ABA) form, which was common in slower movements of the period. The A section introduces the main melodic theme, which is notable for its lyrical simplicity and emotional depth. This theme is developed with subtle variations and harmonic colorings, creating a sense of narrative and emotional journey.

In the contrasting B section, Schubert introduces new material, which often provides a contrast in mood and texture. This section might explore different harmonic areas, adding a sense of tension or introspection, before returning to the main theme of the A section. The return of the A section often features slight variations or elaborations of the theme, further enriching the emotional landscape of the movement.

Harmonically, the Andantino is reflective of Schubert’s innovative approach. While rooted in the classical tradition, he frequently employs unexpected modulations and chromaticism, adding depth and complexity to the music. These harmonic shifts contribute to the movement’s expressive quality, highlighting the poignant and sometimes bittersweet nature of the melody.

The emotional impact of this movement is one of its most notable features. Schubert’s ability to convey deep emotion through seemingly simple melodies is on full display here. The Andantino, with its lyrical elegance and expressive depth, is a poignant and introspective interlude within the broader context of the sonata.

4. Allegro vivace

The finale of Schubert’s Violin Sonata in A major, D 574, marked “Allegro vivace,” serves as a vibrant and spirited conclusion to the sonata. This movement is characterized by its lively tempo, rhythmic energy, and the brilliant interplay between the violin and piano, encapsulating the joyful and exuberant aspects of Schubert’s musical style.

“Allegro vivace,” meaning “fast and lively,” sets the tone for this movement. It opens with a buoyant and rhythmically engaging theme that immediately captures the listener’s attention. This theme, typically introduced by the violin and echoed or complemented by the piano, is marked by its brisk tempo and rhythmic vitality, reflecting the dance-like qualities often found in Schubert’s music.

Structurally, this movement often follows the sonata-rondo form, which was a popular choice for final movements in the classical period. This form combines elements of the sonata-allegro structure (with its themes and development) and the rondo structure (with its recurring main theme). The result is a dynamic and cohesive movement that allows for both thematic development and the return of recognizable material, creating a sense of unity and closure for the sonata.

Throughout the movement, Schubert showcases his skill in thematic development and variation. The main theme is subjected to various transformations, both in terms of harmony and texture. These developments are interspersed with returns to the main theme, maintaining the movement’s energetic and forward-driving momentum.

Harmonically, the movement is adventurous, featuring Schubert’s characteristic modulations and chromaticism. These harmonic shifts add a level of sophistication and surprise to the music, enhancing the overall excitement of the movement. Despite these complexities, the music remains accessible and engaging, with a clear sense of direction leading to the sonata’s conclusion.

The interplay between the violin and piano is particularly notable in this movement. Schubert treats both instruments as equal partners, with the piano more than just an accompaniment to the violin. The dialogue between the two is lively and intricate, requiring both technical proficiency and a sense of musical partnership from the performers.

Oleg Kagan

Oleg Moiseyevich Kagan (22 November 1946 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russian SFSR – 15 July 1990, Munich, West Germany) was a Soviet violinist, known for his chamber collaborations with such musicians as pianist Sviatoslav Richter and cellist Natalia Gutman, his wife. He was also a significant proponent of modern music, in particular Berg’s Violin Concerto. Several recently released concert recordings have added to his posthumous reputation.

Sviatoslav Richter

Oleg Kagan and Sviatoslav Richter plays Schubert's Violin Sonata in A Major, D 574
Famous Soviet-era musicians Oleg Kagan (violin) and Sviatoslav Richter (piano) perform Violin Sonata (also “Duo” or “Grand Duo”) in A major, Op. Posth. 162, D 574, by Franz Schubert.

Sviatoslav Teofilovich Richter (March 20 [O.S. March 7] 1915 – August 1, 1997) was a Ukraine-born Soviet pianist known for the depth of his interpretations, virtuoso technique, and vast repertoire. He is considered one of the greatest pianists of the 20th century.

Richter was born near Zhytomyr (Ukraine), in the Russian Empire. His father, Teofil Danilovich Richter (1872–1941), was a German expatriate pianist, organist, and composer who had studied in Vienna. His mother, Anna Pavlovna (née Moskaleva; 1893–1963), was from a landowning family, and at one point had been a pupil of her future husband.

On March 19, 1934, Richter gave his first recital, at the Engineers’ Club of Odessa; but he did not formally start studying piano until three years later, when he decided to seek out Heinrich Neuhaus, a famous pianist and piano teacher, at the Moscow Conservatory.

In 1949 Richter won the Stalin Prize, which led to extensive concert tours in Russia, Eastern Europe, and China. He gave his first concerts outside the Soviet Union in Czechoslovakia in 1950.

The West first became aware of Richter through recordings made in the 1950s. One of Richter’s first advocates in the West was Emil Gilels, who stated during his first tour of the United States that the critics (who were giving Gilels rave reviews) should “wait until you hear Richter.” Richter’s first concerts in the West took place in May 1960, when he was allowed to play in Finland, and on October 15, 1960, in Chicago, where he played Brahms’s Second Piano Concerto accompanied by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Erich Leinsdorf, creating a sensation.

In 1961, Richter played for the first time in London. His first recital, pairing works of Haydn and Prokofiev, was received with hostility by British critics. Notably, Neville Cardus concluded that Richter’s playing was “provincial”, and wondered why Richter had been invited to play in London, given that London had plenty of “second class” pianists of its own. Following a July 18, 1961, concert, where Richter performed both of Liszt’s piano concertos, the critics reversed course.

In 1963, after searching in the Loire Valley, France, for a venue suitable for a music festival, Richter discovered La Grange de Meslay several kilometers north of Tours. Richter established the festival and it became an annual event.

In 1970, Richter visited Japan for the first time, traveling across Siberia by railway and boat as he disliked flying. He played Beethoven, Schumann, Mussorgsky, Prokofiev, Bartók, and Rachmaninoff, as well as works by Mozart and Beethoven with Japanese orchestras. He visited Japan eight times.

Sources

M. Özgür Nevres

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